The causes of extremism in Islam are complex and multifaceted. Here are some of the main factors that are often cited as contributing to extremism in Islam:
- Failed secularism: The extent to which failed secularism affects the MENA region is a key issue. The lack of a strong secular state can lead to political instability and sectarian tensions, which can in turn fuel extremism.6
- Sectarian divisions: Sectarian tension between Sunni and Shi'ite is not related to extremism, but affects the tension between Iran and much of the Arab world, and has a serious impact on the stability of Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait.6
- Economic despair: Economic despair is another factor that can contribute to the spread of extremism. Poverty and unemployment can create a sense of hopelessness and desperation, which can make people more susceptible to extremist ideologies.1
- Political factors: Despotic governments, civil war, and anarchy can also contribute to the spread of extremist movements.1
- Salafabism: According to a chapter in a book on recognizing religious extremism, the extremist theological-ideological amalgam of Salafabism is the more precise lens for recognizing extremism in Islam. This chapter identifies seven key attributes of a religious extremist, which are illustrated via a concise examination of Buddhist extremism in Myanmar before being applied to Islam.3
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