Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain. TB is spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, and it can be transmitted from person to person.
Causes and risk factors of tuberculosis:
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Factors that increase the risk of contracting TB include:
- Weakened immune system: People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, are more susceptible to tuberculosis.
- Close contact with infected individuals: Spending time near someone with active TB increases the risk of contracting the disease.
- Living in crowded or unsanitary conditions: Poor ventilation and overcrowded living spaces facilitate the spread of TB.
- Poor healthcare access: Limited access to proper healthcare, including diagnosis and treatment, increases the risk of TB transmission and progression.
- Age: Young children and older adults are more vulnerable to TB infection due to their weaker immune systems.
Symptoms of tuberculosis:
The symptoms of tuberculosis can vary depending on the area of the body affected. Common symptoms include:
- Persistent cough that lasts for more than three weeks
- Coughing up blood or phlegm
- Fatigue and weakness
- Weight loss
- Fever and night sweats
- Chest pain
- Loss of appetite
It’s important to note that individuals with latent tuberculosis may not experience any symptoms.
How tuberculosis is diagnosed:
To diagnose tuberculosis, healthcare professionals employ several tests, including:
- Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST): This test involves injecting a small amount of fluid (called tuberculin) into the skin of the forearm. After 48 to 72 hours, a healthcare worker checks for a reaction at the injection site.
- Blood tests: Certain blood tests can help determine if you have been infected with the tuberculosis bacteria.
- Chest X-ray: An X-ray can reveal any abnormalities in the lungs, such as lesions or cavities.
- Sputum test: A sample of mucus coughed up from your lungs (sputum) is examined for the presence of
