Tag: cervical cancer

What are the risk factors for developing cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is influenced by several risk factors, including:

  1. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: Long-lasting infection with high-risk HPV types, particularly HPV 16 and 18, is the most significant risk factor for developing cervical cancer.
  2. Lack of HPV vaccination: Not receiving the HPV vaccine increases the risk of HPV infection and the subsequent development of cervical cancer.
  3. Smoking: Tobacco use weakens the immune system and makes it harder for the body to fight off HPV infections, increasing the risk of cervical cancer.
  4. Weak immune system: Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those taking immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant, are at higher risk of cervical cancer.
  5. Multiple sexual partners: Having several sexual partners or engaging in sexual activity at an early age increases the risk of HPV infection and, subsequently, cervical cancer.
  6. Long-term use of oral contraceptives: Women who have taken birth control pills for extended periods (five years or more) may have a slightly higher risk of developing cervical cancer.
  7. Family history: Having a family history of cervical cancer or other types of reproductive cancers may increase the risk.

It’s important to note that having one or more risk factors does not guarantee the development of cervical cancer, but it does increase the likelihood. Regular screenings, such as Pap tests and HPV tests, along with vaccination, can help detect and prevent cervical cancer.

Symptoms of cervical cancer : What should be of concern?

The signs and symptoms of cervical cancer vary depending on the disease’s stage. The precancerous conditions under which cervical cancer develops, in particular, frequently cause no symptoms (even for many years). Unfortunately, early cancer detection offers the best chance for a cure.

One of the most common cancers is cervical cancer. Because it was discovered too late, it is dangerous. Women who have been exposed to the human papillomavirus, or HPV, are especially susceptible to the development of its oncogenic types 16 or 18.

Cervical cancer symptoms start to show up quite late. In the beginning, they are typically not present. Additionally, dysplastic changes indicative of cancer frequently do not raise any red flags. That is why yearly gynecological exams are crucial, and cytology in particular (once every 3 years or every year in high-risk groups).

Early symptoms of cervical cancer

The first sign of cervical cancer may be chronic inflammation in the cervix, which is often not felt by the woman but can be confirmed by a cytological examination ( cytology). This test also allows for the early detection of precancerous lesions and cervical cancer. Cervical cancer symptoms can include light spotting between periods or an increase in vaginal discharge.


Clinical symptoms of cervical cancer

Clinical symptoms most often appear in the more advanced stage of cervical cancer, when the tumor grows and compresses or invades other organs, and when metastases occur.


Symptoms of cervical cancer may include:

  • abnormal vaginal bleeding, including  breakthrough bleeding ,
  • soreness in the lower abdomen , especially pain during intercourse or during gynecological examination,
  • bleeding during or after intercourse , or after a gynecological examination,
  • prolonged and/or heavy menstruation ,
  • vaginal bleeding after menopause ,
  • bruised discharge with an unpleasant odor,
  • swelling of the lower limbs ,
  • persistent back pain,
  • persistent pelvic pain, 
  • urination disorders,  if there is an infiltration by bladder cancer,
  • urinary retention in the kidney, hydronephrosis,  nephritis  or generalized uremia and intoxication of the body when  the tumor presses on the ureter,
  • painful tenesmus, rectal bleeding ,  diarrhea or constipation when cervical cancer invades  the rectum,
  • in the case of distant metastases to the lungs and bones – the symptoms are characteristic of the affected organ.

Cervical cancer symptoms are not specific, which means they can also indicate other conditions. As a result, a more thorough gynecological examination is required, including cytology and, if the results are troubling, a histopathological examination.

Cervical cancer symptoms are frequently difficult, if not impossible, to treat. When cancer is detected at an early stage, the chances of a cure are greatest. If any of the above symptoms occur, you should see a doctor as soon as possible; abnormal vaginal bleeding, in particular, necessitates medical consultation to rule out cancer.