Tag: cancer

Is there a link between CRP and cancer?

CRP is a biomarker for inflammation in the body. Its elevated level may signal a variety of health issues, such as a bacterial or viral infection. Cancer, including breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer, can cause elevated CRP. The measure is also used to assess cancer patients’ prognosis.

The acute phase protein C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced by the liver during the systemic inflammatory response. Its synthesis is influenced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. CRP is produced into the blood within 24 hours of the inflammatory response beginning and returns to normal when the inflammation decreases.

The CRP standard is < 6 mg/l . Smokers and pregnant women may have higher protein levels.

A high CRP level may indicate:

  • bacterial infections (e.g. streptococcal, staphylococcal infection),
  • viral infections (e.g. hepatitis B),
  • autoimmune inflammatory disease (e.g. lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, enteritis),
  • mycosis.

The C-reactive protein test can also be used to tell the difference between bacterial and viral illnesses. Bacterial infections are more likely to cause significantly increased CRP levels (even greater than 100 mg/l). CRP levels are lower (30-40 mg/l) in viral infections.

CRP and cancer. When is high CRP indicative of cancer?

CRP is a non-specific marker of inflammation, and its elevated level may indicate cancer. Studies report both  1 mg/l and above 175 mg/l, but the higher the score, the greater the likelihood of more advanced cancer, the presence of metastases, and a worse prognosis. 

High CRP is due to the constant, low-grade inflammatory response that accompanies advancing cancer. It is important to remember that not every cancer will result in an elevated C-reactive protein, and not every elevated result will mean that we are dealing with cancer.

What kind of cancer can a high CRP indicate?

Elevated levels of CRP in the blood may indicate various types of cancer, such as:

  • colorectal cancer ,
  • lung cancer ,
  • stomach cancer ,
  • breast cancer
  • prostate cancer (prostate),
  • lymphoma ,
  • pancreatic cancer .

CRP and OB

CRP, like the ESR (Bernacki test), indicates the presence of an inflammatory reaction in the body, although the acute phase protein is a more stable characteristic that does not change as much. CRP has no effect on OB. If the ESR is markedly increased while the CRP is normal, myeloma is most likely present (cancer of the hematopoietic system).

CRP and prognosis in cancer patients

The CRP test is used to determine the prognosis of cancer patients. If the CRP is high and there are no symptoms of infection, the prognosis is poor. That could be an indication of a more serious problem. The CRP test can be used to predict the prognosis of tumors such as lung cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, and soft tissue sarcoma. However, keep in mind that a high CRP score does not indicate malignancy. Further tests are required to confirm or rule out cancer.

Myths about melanoma. This knowledge can save your life.

Can stress cause melanoma? Melanoma can’t always be seen on the skin. Can dark-skinned people get it? Is melanoma incurable? We set the record straight about one of the most dangerous types of cancer.

Melanoma is a kind of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, which produce pigment. Melanoma can develop anywhere on the body, although it is most frequent on sun-exposed skin, such as the face, neck, and back. (Google Bard)

learn more at : Melanoma is a type of skin cancer caused by excessive exposure to UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds

Melanoma is the deadliest kind of skin cancer because it can spread to other regions of the body, including the liver, lungs, and brain. Melanoma, on the other hand, is the most treatable type of skin cancer if detected early.(Google Bard)

Melanoma is one of the most dangerous cancers, causing over 1,000 deaths every year. It is not always visible, and only fair-skinned people and the elderly are at risk. There are myths that can cause it to be diagnosed too late.

It is better to avoid removing moles because cancer could develop

The most important details are that removing a mole does not cause cancer, and that it should be removed with an appropriate tissue margin and subjected to a histopathological examination. It is not allowed to take a biopsy from a mole, and if melanoma metastases are detected after removal, surgery is only needed.

Melanoma develops only on the skin.

Most melanomas start out as a dark spot on the skin called a nevus, but the tumor can also form on the mucous membranes and the eyeball. Melanoma can also grow under the nail (more: nail melanoma ). That’s why it’s important to keep an eye on your whole body, including the skin under your hair, and see a dermatologist if you notice any changes that worry you.

Melanoma can only develop from a visible mole

Melanoma can be both colored and not colored, which means it can be hard to see. Melanoma starts out flat, then grows vertically. Over time, it spreads through lymph and blood vessels. Melanoma can also be deep in the skin or look like the skin is getting thicker.

Melanoma is a disease of the elderly

Melanoma is a skin cancer that affects people of all ages, most often in the fifth and sixth decades. In recent years, the incidence of the disease in young people and children has been increasing. Older people are more likely to develop malignant lentigo, a type of skin melanoma with photoaging features. The lesion appears on the face and has good prognosis.

Melanoma is an incurable cancer.

If melanoma is found early, before it has spread, it can almost always be cured. In this group, almost everyone lives for at least 5 years. But the problem with melanoma is that it is hard to find and it grows quickly, which makes the prognosis bad.

Tanning indoors in a tanning bed is risk-free and does not result in melanoma.

This is not true. There is growing evidence that tanning in a tanning bed may increase the risk of developing melanoma .

Melanoma is not a result of stress.

According to research, extreme stress is linked to the development of melanoma. Scientists have discovered that more cases are identified among persons who work in high-stress environments and have decreased immunity as a result. Stress hormones raise the production of cytokines, which are molecules associated with inflammation in the body but can hasten the development of cancer.

Furthermore, it should be emphasized that a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, sun exposure, frequent irritation of the lesion, and fair skin, can all play a role in the development of melanoma.

Melanoma does not threaten people with dark skin who do not tan red.

Tanning, regardless of skin color, causes damage to it and can lead to the development of skin cancer over time. This also applies to people who tan and brown readily. Although those with dark skin are less likely to get melanoma than those with fair complexion,

Melanoma hurts

Melanoma does not cause pain in the initial stages, but as it grows, it can cause metastases or ulcers. Symptoms of concern include dynamic changes in an existing mole, irregular shape, rapid growth, large size, asymmetry, and itching or bleeding from the mole.

Melanoma metastasizes late.

Sadly, melanoma is an extremely aggressive cancer that can cause distant metastases (to the bones, brain, and lungs) even in the early stages of development. Avoiding excessive sun exposure, wearing sunscreen, and having a dermatologist examine moles are all ways to prevent it. 

The symptoms of ovarian cancer appear late. What should be of concern?

Cancer of the ovary is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the ovary’s covering, called the epithelium. It is the second most common cancer of a woman’s reproductive organs. It’s dangerous because it’s not found until it’s too late. For a long time, ovarian cancer didn’t show any signs, and when it did, the signs were vague and easy to miss.

Symptoms of ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer can grow without any signs or symptoms for several years. Early signs of ovarian cancer show up as the tumor grows. These signs can be seen at least a year before the full symptoms of the disease show up. The signs of ovarian cancer aren’t very specific, which means they could also be signs of a number of other health problems.

Early symptoms of ovarian cancer include:

  • feeling of fullness
  • belly bloating,
  • indigestion, heartburn, flatulence, constipation,
  • bladder pressure,
  • frequent urination,
  • quick feeling of fullness,
  • nausea,
  • stomach pain,
  • pelvic pain.

As the disease gets worse, abdominal masses, ascites (a buildup of fluid in the peritoneal cavity), and sometimes pleural effusions appear. A bigger stomach and sudden weight loss are frequent side effects of this. 


There may be signs of a urinary tract infection, such as pain when urinating, pressure in the bladder, and pain in the lower abdomen. Another sign is vaginal bleeding. In this instance, the bacteria’s entry into the bladder, uterus, or vaginal walls is what’s causing the symptoms. 

Symptoms of ovarian cancer that are unusual

You could say that all ovarian cancer symptoms are atypical in some way, because they can also be signs of other diseases. Atypical ovarian cancer symptoms can also be those that have nothing to do with the digestive or urinary systems, such as:

  • back pain, 
  • paleness,
  • tiredness,
  • weakness,
  • painful during intercourse
  • skin rash and muscle inflammation
  • irregular and/or heavy menstruation ,
  • shortness of breath (due to fluid accumulation, felt mainly when lying down).

These symptoms can also indicate the development of ovarian cancer.

Size of the tumor and signs of ovarian cancer

A tumor up to 7 cm in size doesn’t cause any symptoms. Only when it gets to be 11–15 cm in size do symptoms like abdominal pain, discomfort in the abdominal cavity, and often ascites get worse. Most of the time, by that time the tumor is already very far along and can’t be cured completely.

What tests to do?

Ultrasonography of the abdomen and transvaginal ultrasound are the easiest tests for ovarian cancer that are widely available and recommended. If you think you might have ovarian cancer, PET-CT, or Positron Emission Tomography, is a more accurate test. Cancer markers, especially CA 125, may also be helpful to find. Remember not to ignore symptoms like bloating, constipation, feeling full in the stomach, and pain in the lower abdomen. If they happen often, they should always be checked out further.

signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer metastases

Metastases that have spread from ovarian cancer frequently affect the peritoneum. It also spreads through the lymphatic vessels to the pelvic, periaortic, inguinal, and far-off mediastinal and supraclavicular lymph nodes, a process called metastasis. Metastasis can also happen in other organs, most often in the lungs, bones, vagina, and liver. When ascites are very bad, it may mean that the cancer has spread a lot in the peritoneum.

Lymphadenopathy, which is a general swelling of the lymph nodes, shows that the nodes are involved. Metastatic changes may be present if you have bone pain, vaginal bleeding, hemoptysis, recurrent pneumonia, or trouble breathing. As you can see, these are still not very clear signs that something is happening in the ovary.

Who is at risk of ovarian cancer?

Women of all ages can get ovarian cancer, but the risk goes up between the ages of 40 and 70. Women who have never given birth and women whose relatives have had ovarian cancer are more likely to get the disease. It goes down in women who have had babies and used birth control with hormones. According to the FIGO classification, about 70–80% of patients start treatment in clinical stage III or IV. When they are in an earlier stage, they are usually found by accident. This condition is linked to the lack of symptoms or the fact that they are not clear at first.

Myths about breast examination

Do you know the health risks associated with mammography? Or that having small breasts makes it impossible? Do you believe that a breast exam doesn’t need to be rushed or that it is best to skip one because it will only unnecessarily uncover something? These are harmful myths that should not be believed.

Despite the importance of breast examinations, there are many myths surrounding them that can lead to confusion and fear. One common myth is that only women over the age of 50 need to get mammograms. However, the American Cancer Society recommends that women begin getting mammograms at age 40 and continue to get them annually. Another myth is that breast cancer only affects women, but men can also develop breast cancer. It’s important to separate fact from fiction when it comes to breast examinations to ensure proper care and early detection.

The most frequently discovered malignant tumor in women is breast cancer. Breast ultrasound, mammography, and self-examination are the three main breast exams that work in tandem to help find breast cancer early. Unfortunately, there are still misconceptions about breast examination despite our society’s growing health consciousness.

A mammogram won’t be performed if you have small breasts.

Mammography does not have a problem with small breasts. Even a small amount of tissue placed on the mammogram’s base doesn’t prevent the camera from taking pictures. Men can be tested too.

Breast ultrasound and mammography tests are only available to women.

Women are more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer, but men make up 1% of cases. Regular mammograms and ultrasounds can help detect breast cancer early, which can increase the chances of successful treatment. Additionally, individuals with a family history of breast cancer or other risk factors should consider getting screened at a younger age or more frequently. In a study, experts looked over 1,869 men’s mammograms and found 2,304 breast lesions, 149 of which underwent biopsies and 41 were found to be cancerous. It is important to screen high-risk men for breast cancer to aid in the early detection of cancer and save lives.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding are contraindications for breast imaging

Breast ultrasounds are safe to perform while nursing or pregnant. Mammography is not recommended during pregnancy, but can be done if necessary. Mammograms can also be done while breast-feeding, but the results have no impact on the milk’s quality or composition or the wellbeing of the breastfed child. Women must express milk before the examination to lessen the discomfort.

For women who have breast implants, imaging tests are not done.

Breast ultrasound or mammography are not incompatible with having breast implants, but the presence of implants can make examination and result interpretation challenging. Imaging tests are carried out differently in women with implants, such as taking more pictures or positioning the breast correctly. It is necessary to disclose to the diagnostician prior to the examination.

Every few years, a breast ultrasound is recommended.

More of these studies need to be conducted. . If breast cancer runs in the family, this test should be performed every six months. Between the ages of 50 and 69, mammography should be done every two years, and if there is a family history of breast cancer, every year.

You receive a significant amount of radiation exposure during mammography.

Mammography is regarded as a safe procedure, and the most radiation we are exposed to in one appointment is 0.4 mSv. This quantity falls within the acceptable range for health. We must keep in mind that we are exposed to radiation every day from the environment. Radiation doses between 0.1 and 1.0 mSv increase the risk of death by the same amount as taking a passenger flight over a 7,200-kilometer route. 

Mammography can reliably identify breast cancer. Breast ultrasounds are safe to perform while nursing or pregnant. 

Mammography is not recommended during pregnancy, but can be done if necessary. It can also be done while breast-feeding, but the results have no impact on the milk’s quality or composition or the wellbeing of the breastfed child. Women must express milk before the examination to lessen the discomfort. During an examination, a suspicious change may be found, but breast cancer is not always the result. To confirm or rule out a malignant lesion, additional tests are required, such as a biopsy. Most of these errors are made by women between the ages of 40 and 50.

Anytime is a good time to examine your breasts.

No and yes. Although it is important to be on the lookout for breast cancer, it is not advised to have a breast exam prior to your period because of the hormonal changes brought on by the menstrual cycle. Mammography, ultrasound, and breast self-examination should all be done in the first half of the menstrual cycle, which is the time between the period and ovulation. The breasts swell and are tender before menstruation. It’s not a good idea to perform this kind of test right now because I might also have a different tissue consistency.

Breast ultrasound is less reliable than mammography.

There is no better or worse study among these. These studies support one another, employ various technologies, and cater to various patient populations. Mammography is a test that is primarily recommended for women over 50. (and in some recommendations over 40 years of age ). This test should not be carried out on women under the age of 40 due to the dense breast tissue at a younger age. A breast ultrasound is intended for these women.

When examining your breasts, take your time. It’s a product for older women.

Without a doubt. Every female over the age of 20 should routinely check her breasts. You can form this crucial habit from a young age. It is recommended to perform a so-called breast palpation once per month, ideally between the sixth and ninth day of the menstrual cycle. After age 30, regular breast ultrasound is advised. All women should take steps to prevent breast cancer.

When breasts are examined, the majority of lumps are cancerous.

Contrary! The majority of breast changes found by various tests are benign and unrelated to cancer. Up to 80% of breast lumps are thought to be benign abnormalities. As a result, you shouldn’t be afraid to have your breasts examined. The worry that the test will unquestionably find the illness is unfounded, and it shouldn’t deter us from routine prophylaxis. It’s important to keep in mind that breast cancer does not necessarily mean death. Early detection prevents metastasis, and it is nearly curable.

Complete blood count and cancer. How high erythrocyte sedimentation rate indicates cancer?

Blood counts may indicate malignancy, e.g. leukemia, some lymphomas and myeloma. Also, a high ESR may indicate cancer. What morphology and ESR results should be of concern and may signal a serious disease

We often forget about morphology , but it should be done at least once a year. If you are bothered by disturbing symptoms, do not delay the blood test. The question about the morphology, tumor and other tests, including ESR.

What symptoms should prompt us to perform a morphology?

In my opinion , a complete blood count should be performed once a year without any disease symptoms. In addition, this test should be performed in the event of any serious disease symptoms.

In particular, the blood should be examined in the case of: prolonged infection , significant weakness , hemorrhages or the appearance of petechiae . It is important to disseminate knowledge about the symptoms of blood diseases and remind that many diseases (and not only blood diseases) can be detected with this simple test. Blood is a kind of mirror in which disorders of other organs are also reflected.

How high ESR can indicate cancer?

In addition to morphology, I also recommend the ESR test . This is a very simple test that can signal many diseases. These are either neoplastic diseases or inflammatory diseases . The result should be alarming when the OB is above 20 but below 40 . Then, first of all, you need to repeat the test and continue the diagnosis if it persists or increases. If the ESR is above 40 , diagnostics should be started without undue delay. If the ESR is above 100 , it means that we are seriously ill. But it is important to remember that sometimes severe disease develops without an accelerated ESR and other symptoms should be watched for.

It is also worth performing a general urine test , as detecting the presence of protein or blood in it can also accelerate the detection of cancer. I recommend performing these tests to everyone, also without any symptoms, at least once a year. These are cheap tests, and they can save our lives.

Can we diagnose cancer based on blood counts?

Deficiencies of particular types of blood cells and their excesses are detected in peripheral blood. Various leukemias, polycythemia, thrombocythemia, primary myelofibrosis , some lymphomas and myeloma , but also many tumors of other organs that secondary to anemia can be detected from this examination .

Such anemia may be the first sign of cancer. Especially seemingly trivial iron deficiency anemia in a postmenopausal man or woman suggests bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, and this is often caused by a tumor of this system. This does not make a diagnosis, but it does run diagnostics that will eventually lead to it. Finally, morphology allows you to detect deficiencies of individual blood cells.

When should morphology results be of concern? When can they indicate cancer?

Increased levels of monocytes or lymphocytes are the most common symptoms of leukemia. In turn, an increased number of red blood cells may suggest the presence of polycythemia vera, which we include in the so-called myeloproliferative neoplasms. One of them is essential thrombocythemia, which is characterized by a very high number of platelets, or thrombocytes.

Typically, the result shows the letters L (for low) or H (for high) next to the incorrect values. The more the values marked in this way differ from the norms given next to them, the more you should be concerned and see a doctor. Conversely, if the results are close to the normal range, it is unlikely that we are in danger.

Can the morphology unequivocally determine that we have cancer, or are other tests needed to confirm it?

Usually, even if a blood cancer is suspected, further tests are needed to determine exactly what type of cancer it is.

How does a sick pancreas show? 8 symptoms that should worry you

A sick pancreas manifests itself in more ways than just excruciating abdominal pain. Additionally, there might be fatty diarrhea, fever, nausea, or skin itching. Diseases of the pancreas can be dangerous. Look for any additional indicators. 

It plays a number of crucial roles in the body. It can be located in the upper abdominal cavity. It is in charge of creating pancreatic juice, which contains the enzymes required for digestion. It facilitates the breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. The pancreas also makes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which help regulate the body’s glucose levels.

Learn More : Definition of a sick pancreas. Symptoms that Should Worry You

Being a highly innervated organ, it hurts when it becomes ill. It is worthwhile to take care of it, not force it, and respond to the signals it gives because of all the significant functions it performs in our body.

What does a sick pancreas show?

The most prevalent pancreatic disorders include pancreatitis (acute or chronic), diabetes, cystic fibrosis, benign pancreatic tumors, and malignant pancreatic tumors. The symptoms of pancreatic disease are frequently vague, but they could signify the organ’s gradual degeneration. What causes cause for concern?

  • Fatty diarrhea
  • Fever 
  • Burning abdominal pain
  • Itching of the skin
  • Nausea
  • Headaches
  • Feeling tired and irritable
  • You lose weight

If you notice some of the above-mentioned symptoms, do not hesitate and contact your doctor.

What harms the pancreas?

Alcohol, cigarettes, and fatty foods all harm the pancreas. Infections like the mumps, hepatitis, or salmonellosis, as well as some drugs (like diuretics and estrogens), trauma, or infections, can cause pancreas disease. 

Inflammation is frequently mentioned in relation to pancreatic diseases. It may be acute or persistent. Pancreatitis typically strikes after the age of 40 and more frequently strikes men than women. Addicts to alcohol, tobacco, and unhealthy eating—including overeating and consuming fatty foods—are the most at risk. The pancreas is also linked to cancer, including malignant pancreatic cancer with a poor prognosis as well as benign cancers like adenoma and cysts. Diabetes is a different pancreatic condition (it results from a malfunction of the pancreatic beta cells that secrete insulin).

Updated

Breast cancer: If detected early, it can be well treated.

Every year, breast cancer is found in about 70,000 women in Germany. If caught early, it can be treated successfully. We still don’t know what causes breast cancer, but we do know that a breast cell’s genome has changed, which makes it grow out of control and form a tumor.

Learn more at Munaeem’s Blog

.

Early detection of breast cancer is crucial for effective treatment. This is why it’s important to get regular mammograms for women over 50, or earlier if there’s a family history of breast cancer. The earlier breast cancer is detected, the higher the chances of successful treatment.

Breast self-exams are also a great way to detect any changes in your breasts. If you notice any lumps, changes in size or shape, or any unusual discharge, it’s important to see your doctor right away.

Treatment for breast cancer may include surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells, and chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells that may have spread to other parts of the body. In some cases, hormone therapy may also be used. The treatment plan will vary depending on the stage of cancer and the patient’s overall health.

Remember, breast cancer doesn’t discriminate. It can affect women of all ages and backgrounds. Don’t be afraid to talk to your doctor about any concerns you may have or to get regular check-ups. If detected early, breast cancer can be well treated. So, take charge of your health and stay informed.

6 overlooked signs that point to cancer

There are many symptoms of a serious disease like cancer, but do you know that many common symptoms that we ignore, if they are paid attention to in time, then cancer can be treated on time.

In one of its articles, the British journal has described six symptoms that indicate cancer in any body.

Let’s know what these signs are that you should never ignore.

Abnormal lump or swelling on a part of the body:

If you are constantly seeing a lump on a part of the body and it is not disappearing, then take it seriously.

A study on cancer has warned that lumps or swelling around the neck, armpits, stomach, chest or breast can be a sign of cancer.

Britain’s National Health Service has advised that if the lump on your body is constantly increasing, then consult a doctor immediately.

Weight loss:

Unintentional weight loss can also be a warning sign of cancer.

Although minor weight changes are common, cancer research has warned that people who suffer significant weight loss without effort should contact their doctor.

Cancer can lead to weight loss for a variety of reasons.

For example, weight loss in bowel cancer can be caused by a tumor because it makes you feel sick or bloated, reducing your appetite.

Pain in parts of the body:

According to cancer research, you should seek medical advice for any permanent pain in the body because it can be a sign of something more serious.

Pain can be a sign of a tumor, for example, persistent sore throat can indicate throat cancer and abdominal pain can be a sign of bowel cancer.

Bleeding or bruising:

Bleeding or bruising without injury can be a warning sign of cancer.

According to cancer research, bleeding from blood or even vomiting or coughing in your stool or urine are symptoms that appear in many types of cancer.

Fatigue:

Feeling stressed all the time or having trouble sleeping or feeling more tired than usual is also an alarm.

Internal bleeding of the tumor can cause fatigue because it can turn into anemia.

Unusual sweating throughout the night:

According to cancer research, having a fever or sweating too much at night can be a sign of an infection.

Sweating can also be the effect of some medications, but if you get too much and drenched sweating at night, you need to consult a doctor.

Too much salt increases the risk of stomach cancer

High salt consumption has also been linked to stomach cancer. According to the German Cancer Research Center’s Cancer Information Service (KID), heavily salted or cured meals appear to raise the risk of stomach cancer, regardless of whether they are salted or cured meat, fish, or heavily salted vegetables. The argument is that table salt likely affects the gastric mucosa, contributing to inflammatory processes in the stomach.

A increasing amount of evidence suggests that consuming too much salt may increase the risk of stomach cancer. Salt can harm the cells in the stomach lining, causing inflammation and cell alterations that can progress to cancer. Furthermore, salt can increase the risk of stomach cancer by increasing stomach acid production, which can damage the stomach lining.

Learn more at Blogger’s Zone

Paper sensors for timely detection of cancer developed by Sangeeta Bhatia and her team

Sangeeta Bhatia is a biomedical engineer best known for developing new technologies for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Boston: Experts at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have spread advanced nanoparticles on paper to create a cancer detection sensor.

By putting a few drops of urine on this simple and inexpensive sensor, it is possible to determine whether or not the patient has cancer. Nanoparticles target cancer-causing proteins specifically. Different types of tumors can thus be understood, and better treatment methods can be devised.

Learn more at : Paper sensor for timely detection of cancer

It is simply applied to a paper strip with nanoparticles. When small pieces of protein-DNA in urine collide with nanoparticles, they separate to form a DNA barcode. This demonstrates the presence of cancerous DNA in the urine and also indicates the type of cancer.

Sangeeta Bhatia and her team created it. It was tested on mice, and the paper test also identified five enzymes secreted by cancerous tumors, which is a significant step forward. The findings of this study have been published in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.

Sangeeta Bhatia is a biomedical engineer best known for developing new technologies for cancer diagnosis and treatment. She is an electrical engineering and computer science professor at MIT, as well as a member of the Whitehead Institute for Biological Research. Bhatia’s team created the paper sensor using a technique known as paper-based microfluidics. 

Microfluidics is a technology that controls the flow of fluids through tiny channels. The microfluidic channels in the paper sensor are used to transport blood samples to the areas where cancer biomarkers are detected.

Tool : Google Bard